IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FROM GEOGRAPHY

1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (A short note) [FROM THE CHAPTER RESOURCES &DEVELOPMENT FROM GEOGRAPHY AND ALSO FROM ECONOMICS -CHAPTER ON DEVELOPMENT)

Challenges of Democracy - ready reckoner(in a gist)

Below are mentioned the challenges of Democracy in a nutshell.You can have  a look over them after preparing from your notes and NCERT book.They will help you in covering the entire content easily and

Some important questions from History

1. Differences between the philosophies of Phan Boi Chou and Phan Chu trinh

2 Short note on Trung Sisters from the chapter Indo China

 

3ROLE OF WOMEN IN ANTI IMPERIALIST STRUGGLE IN VIETNAM

4 How did nationalism emerge in Vietnam through the efforts of different sections of

society to fight against the French? Analyse.
Ans:- Nationalism in Vietnam was the result of the efforts of different sections of society:
a. Many religious movements began in Vietnam to show their hostility to the presence of
French, and to Christianity. For example, Scholars movement of 1868.
b. The role of Phan Boi Chau, who formed the revolutionary society to resist French
domination, and who sought the support of the monarchy and the court to drive the French
out.
c. The role of Phan Chi Trinh who resisted French presence but was not totally against the
western ideas.
d. The Go East movement of the early 20thy century, which aimed to re establish the Nguyen
dynasty by seeking Japanese and the Chinese help.
e. Students, teachers actively resisted French presence and domination in schools.
f. The role of the rat catchers cannot also be undermined. The rat menace revealed the limits
of the colonial power.

NATIONALISM IN INDIA
 "The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation
Movement." Support the statement with examples.
Ans:- The difference between non cooperation and civil disobedience movement are as
follows:
In the noncooperation movement, people were asked to refuse cooperation with the
British However, in the civil disobedience movement the agenda was not just to
refuse cooperation but to also break all laws established by the British.
The civil disobedience movement also witnessed the participation of women in larger
number. This possible with the efforts of Gandhi. The non-cooperation was just the
first mass movement so the participation was comparatively lesser as compared to in
the second mass movement.
The civil disobedience movement reached down to the participation of many more
social classes as compared to the non-cooperation movement. WE now see village
officials resigning from their seat, plantation workers participating in large numbers.

Novels.Society and History

Multiple Choice Questions of Novel, Society and History

Q.1: Oliver Twist was written by
(a) Emile Zola
(b) Thomas Hardy
(c) Jane Austen
(d) Charles Dickens

Q.2: Jane Austin’s famous novel was
(a) Hard Times
(b) Pride and Prejudice
(c) Jane Eyre
(d) Jungle Book

Q.3: Which of the following novels was not written by Charles Dickens?
(a) Hard Times
(b) Germinal
(c) Oliver Twist
(d) Pickwick Papers

Q.4: Who wrote ‘Jungle Book’?
(a) Charlotte Bronte
(b) R. L. Stevenson
(c) Rudyard Kipling
(d) None of these

Q.5: The earliest Indian novel was written in which of the following language?
(a) Tamil
(b) Hindi
(c) Bengali
(d) Telugu

Q.6: The first modern novel in Malayalam
(a)Swarna Lekha
(b) Indu Lekha
(c) Sindu Lekha
(d) None of these

Q.7: Who is the pioneer of modern Hindi literature?
(a) Bharatendu Harishchandra
(b) Srinivas Das
(c) Devaki Nandan Khatri
(d) Munshi Premchand

Q.8: The first modern Hindi novel is:
(a) Parikhsha-Guru
(b) Godan
(c) Chandrakanta
(d) Sevasadan

Q.9: Which was the first novel written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee?
(a) Anandmath
(b) Sultana’s Dream
(c) Muktamala
(d) Durgeshnandini

Q.10: Which one of the following novel is written by Rokeya Hussein?
(a) Pariksha Guru
(b) Godan
(c) Anandmath
(d) Sultana’s Dream

Q.11: Which of the following novels deals with caste oppression?
(a) Sultana’s Dream
(b) Indu Lekha
(c) Saraswativijayam
(d) Godan

Q.12: Which was the first historical novel written in Bengal?
(a) Anandamath
(b) Anguriya Binimoy
(c) Sultana’s Dream
(d) Durgesh Nandini

Q.13: Who was the central character of Prem Chand’s Rangbhoomi?
(a) Tulsidas
(b) Surdas
(c) Kabirdas
(d) None of these

Q.14: Which of the following novel was not written by Munshi Premchand?
(a) Rangbhoomi
(b) Godan
(c) Sewasadan
(d) Pariksha-Guru

Q.15: Name the novel which was based on the effect of industrialization.
(a) Hard Times
(b) Oliver Twist
(c) Germinal
(d) Pickwick Papers

Q.16: What is an ‘epistolary novel’?
(a) Novel written in the series of letters. 
(b) Novel based on a biographical account
(c) Novels written in poetic verse
(d) None of these.

Q.17: It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. The above lines have been illustrated from the novel – 
(a) Pride and Prejudice
(b) Mayor of Caster Bridge
(c) Pamela
(d) Treasure Island

Q.18: Who wrote ‘Hard Times’?
(a) Charles Dickens
(b) Walter scott
(c) Thomas Hardy
(d) Emile Zola

Q.19: What did “Kissa Goi” means—?
(a) The art of story telling
(b) Moralizing
(c) Slave Trade
(d) Vagabond

Q.20: The first novel to be serialized was—
(a) Hard Times
(b) Oliver Twist
(c) Pickwick papers
(d) Mayor of Caster Bridge

Q.21: The first Indian novel was written in—
(a) Malayalam
(b) Bhojpuri
(c) Punjabi
(d) Marathi

Q.22: The first modern novel in Malayalam is –
(a) Sevasadan
(b) Pariksha Guru
(c) Indulekha
(d) Rajesekhara

Q.23: Who is the author of ‘Pamela’?
(a) Leo Tolstoy
(b) Samuel Richardson
(c) Thomas Hardy
(d) Charles Dicken

Q.24: In which year was Emile Zola’s ‘Germinal’ published?
(a) 1584
(b) 1885
(c) 1886
(d) 1874

Q.25: Who wrote the famous novel ‘Jungle Book’?
(a) Rudyard Kipling
(b) R. L. Stevenson
(c) Hunt Jackson
(d) Jane Austen

Q.26: Who wrote ‘Pariksha Guru?’
(a) Srinivas Das
(b) Viresalingam
(c) Munshi Premchand
(d) Devki Nandan Khatri

Q.27: Who wrote ‘Kadambari’?
(a) Banabhatta
(b) Chandu Manan
(c) Raja Ravi Verma
(d) Munchi Prem Chand

Q.28: Which of the following novel represent colonialism as Heroic and Honorable?
(a) Pride and prejudice
(b) Mayer of Caster bridge
(c) Hard Times
(d) Treasures Island

Q.29: Hari and Dhania are famous characters of the novel—
(a) Godan
(b) Indulekha
(c) Rangbhomi
(d) Sewasadan

Q.30: The first historical novel written in Bangali was –
(a) Titash Ekti Nadir Naam
(b) Anguriya Binimoy
(c) Padmarag
(d) Saraswativijayam

Q.31: What was meant by ‘Vernacular’?
(a) Stylish writing
(b) Classical language
(c) Literary language
(d) Language of the common people


CHECK YOUR ANSWERS
1. (d) Charles Dickens
2. (b) Pride and Prejudice
3. (b) Germinal
4. (c) Rudyard Kipling
5. (c) Bengali
6. (b) Indu Lekha
7. (a) Bharatendu Harishchandra
8. (a) Parikhsha-Guru
9. (d) Durgeshnandini
10. (d) Sultana’s Dream
11. (c) Saraswativijayam
12. (b) Anguriya Binimoy
13. (b) Surdas
14. (d) Pariksha-Guru
15. (a) Hard Times
16. (a) Novel written in the series of letters.
17. (a) Pride and Prejudice
18. (a) Charles Dickens
19. (a) The art of story telling
20. (c) Pickwick papers
21. (d) Marathi
22. (c) Indulekha
23. (b) Samuel Richardson
24. (b) 1885
25. (a) Rudyard Kipling
26. (a) Srinivas Das
27. (a) Banabhatta
28. (d) Treasures Island
29. (a) Godan
30. (b) Anguriya Binimoy
31. (d) Language of the common people

Datesheet class X cbse 2017-18

Date sheet for exams 2017-18

Questions on Indo China

Key Concepts Chapter 2

 The Nationalist Movement in Indo - China, 

SECTION A — EMERGING FROM THE SHADOW OF CHINA

THE DILEMMA OF COLONIAL EDUCATION AND
HYGIENE, DISEASE AND EVERYDAY RESISTANCE

1. Indo-China comprises the modern countries of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.
2. Vietnam followed a Chinese system of government as well as Chinese culture.
3. The French colonised Vietnam. After defeating China, they assumed control of Tonkin and Anaam.
4. In 1887, French Indo-China was formed.
5. Colonies were considered essential to supply natural resources and other essential goods. The French built infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move military garrisons and control the entire region.
6. The colonial economy in Vietnam was based on rice cultivation and rubber plantations. Very little industrialisation of Vietnam by France.
7. To counter Chinese influence, the French systematically dismantled the traditional educational system and established French schools for the Vietnamese.
8. The textbooks glorified French rule and culture.
9. Students fought against discrimination against the Vietnamese in white collar jobs. Schools became important place for cultural and political battles. Education became an important part of the larger battle against colonialism and for independence.
10. In 1902, the French part of Hanoi was hit by a rat menace. Vietnamese were paid to catch and kill the rats. Plague swept the area in 1903, as clever Vietnamese took to clipping the rats’ tails as proofs. They let the rats go.
11. Colonialism was fought in such resistant acts in everyday life.

SECTION B —

(I) RELIGION AND ANTI-COLONIALISM
(II) THE VISION OF MODERNISATION
(III) THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT AND VIETNAMESE NATIONALISM

1. Religious beliefs of Vietnam were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices.
2. The French introduced Christianity, their Missionaries were hostile to the easy-going attitude of the Vietnamese towards religion.
3. Scholars’ Revolt of 1868 : Led by officials of the Imperial Court. Uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces killed a thousand Catholics. By the middle of the 18th century 300,000 people converted to Christianity. Revolt suppressed by the French.
4. The Hoa Hao Movement began in 1939 under its founder Huynh Phu So.
5. He performed miracles, helped the poor, opposed sale of brides, gambling and use of opium and alcohol.
6. The French declared him mad and sent him to a mental asylum. Freed in 1946, but exiled to Laos. Followers sent to concentration camps.
7. Vision of Modernisation : Two opinions held
8. (i) Vietnamese traditions had to be strengthened to resist western domination.
9. (ii) The second school felt that the Vietnamese had to learn from the West, while resisting its domination.
10. Phan Boi Chau (1867-1940) formed the ‘Revolution Society’ (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903 with Prince Cuong De as the lead. He wrote a book, ‘History of the Loss of Vietnam’ under the influence of the Chinese reformer Liang Qichao (1873-1929). He believed that the French should be driven out first and then monarchy should be restored in Vietnam.
11. Phan Chu Trinh (1871-1926) differed strongly. He was totally opposed to monarchy and wanted to establish a democratic republic.
12. Go East Movement : Some 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan in 1907-08 to acquire modern education. Their aim was to drive out the French and re-establish the Ngu Yen dynasty. They wanted Japanese help and established a Restoration Society in Tokyo. But after 1908, the Japanese closed the society, and sent many of them, including Phan Boi Chau to exile in China and Thailand.
13. Whe Sun Yat Sen overthrew monarchy in China in 1911, a new association – Association for Restoration of Vietnam was formed. Their objective was to have a Democratic Republic and a Constitutional Monarchy in Vietnam.
14. The Communist Movement
15. The Great Depression of the 1930s led to unemployment, debts and rural uprisings in Vietnam.
16. A new leader, Ho Chi Minh, appeared on the scene in 1930. He established the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party, inspired by Europeon communists.
17. Ho Chi Minh (He who enlightens) was born in Central Vietnam; later became an active member of the committee. He met Lenin and other leaders. After 30 years stay in Europe, Thailand and China he returned to Vietnam in May 1941. He became President of Vietnam Democratic Republic.
18. In 1940, Japan occupied Vietnam. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (known as the Viet Minh) fought the Japanese, recaptured Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh became the chairman of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in September 1943.
19. Vietnamese Nationalism : The French set up a puppet regime under Bao Dai as Emperor. After years of fighting, the French were finally defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.
20. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1953-1954)
21. On 7 May, 1954, more than 16,000 soldiers of the French army were either killed or captured. The entire French commanding staff, including a General, 16 Colonels, 1749 officers were taken prisoner.
22. Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh and Bao Dai became rulers in north and south respectively.
23. The division led to war. The Bau Dai regime was overthrown by Ngo Dinh Diem. The south united and formed the National Liberation Front (NLF) and fought for unification of the country under Ho Chi Minh.
24. Fear of communism made the US intervene in Vietnam and a bitter war was fought during 1965-1972. Finally, peace was restored in 1974.

SECTION C — THE NATION AND ITS HEROES
THE END OF WAR

1. Women played no role in public life of the Vietnamese, but the freedom struggle led to an emerging new image of womanhood.
2. Women like Trung sisters (39-43 CE) became idols. Same was the case with Trieu Au of 3rd century CE.
3. In the 1960s, women were depicted as young, brave and dedicated. They were shown as warriors and workers.
4. The image of the warrior woman was replaced with the image of worker woman, in the 1970s, when the end of the war was near.
5. The US failed to achieve its objectives in the US Vietnam war.
6. The US-Vietnam war was called the first television war.
7. On 30 April, 1975 the North Liberation Front (NLF) occupied the presidential palace in Saigon and unified Vietnam.

Test on Nationalism in India along with answers

CBSE TEST PAPER-01

Class –X Social Science (Nationalism in India)

General Instruction: -

All Question are Compulsory.

Question No.1 to 4 Carry one marks each.

Question No. 5 to 10 carry three marks each.

Question No. 11 to 12 carry five marks each.

1. Who was the leader of the peasants in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh?

2. Which pact reserved seats for Dalits in the provincial and central legislative assembly?

3. Which political party formed within the congress to argue for return to council elections?

4. Why did Gandhiji begin fast unto death when Dr B. R. Ambedkar demanded separate

electorate for Dalits?

5. Which political solutions were adopted by Dalits leaders to the problems of their

community?

6. Why did the growth of nationalism in the colonies linked to anti colonial movement?

7. Why did the Rich peasant communities become active in the Civil Disobedience

Movement?

8. What was the impact of Infamous Jallianwalla Bhag incident over Society and British

Government?

9. Who gave the slogan “Inquilab – Zindabad”? What do you understand by this slogan?

10. A. Two features A and B are marked in the given political map of India. Identify these

features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on

the lines marked on the map.

1. Place where non-cooperation movement was called off

2. Place where no tax campaign was started

B. Locate and Label Amritsar-where Jallianwala Bhag Incident took place with

appropriate symbols on the same map given for identification

11. Read the passage and write down the answers of given questions:

It is said of “passive resistance” that it is the weapon of the weak but the power which is

the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive

resistance. Indeed, it calls for intense activity. The movement in South Africa was not

passive but active……..Satyagraha is not physical force. A Satyagrahi does not inflict pain

on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction…..in the use of Satyagraha, there is no

ill-will whatever.

A. Who is this great man who spoke these words?

B. Name two methods used by him during the struggle for independence?

C. What is Satyagraha?

D. For what purpose the Satyagraha was used by the person named by you in South

Africa?

E. What is difference between physical force and soul-force?

12. Identify the reasons that why Muslim Political organizations in India were lukewarm in

their response to the civil disobedience Movement.



ANSWER KEY
1. Alluri Sitaram Raju
2. Poona Pact
3. Swaraj Party
4. Separate electorate would create divisions in the society.
5. A. Many Dalits leaders were keen on different political solutions to the problems of the
community.
B. They began organizing themselves and demanding reserved seats in electoral
institutions.
C. They also asked for separate electorate that would choose Dalits members for
legislative councils.
D. They believed, Political empowerment would resolve the problems of their social
disabilities.
E. Dr B R Ambedkar organized the Dalits and formed a Depressed classes Association in
1930s.
F. These voluntary organizations also receive financial support from the government for
creating awareness among people.
6. In India the feeling of nationalism is associated with anti colonial movement . In the
process of their struggle against the colonial yoke people began to discover their own
identity of belonging to one nation. By the end of Nineteenth century anti-colonial
Movement in most of the colonies led to the growth of nationalism. The colonial
exploitation led to poverty and caused miseries to the people. The shared a common
hatred against the colonial rule. In colonies the people began to discover their unity in
the process of their struggle against colonialism. Each section of the society felt the effects
of colonialism. The British policy of racialism and that of divide and rule exposed the
nature of their rule and created the feeling of oneness among Indians. They felt the sense
of common hatred against colonial rule.
7. A. Rich peasant communities –like Patidars of Gujarat and the Jatts of Uttar Pradeshwere
active in the movement.
B. Being producers of cash crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and
falling prices. For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues.
C. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s
revenue demand. And the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand
led to widespread resentment.
D. Due to this reason rich peasants become enthusiastic supporters of the civil
Disobedience Movement.
8. A. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north
Indian towns.
B. There were strikes, classes with the police and attacks on government buildings.
C. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorize
people.
D. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do
salute to all sahibs.
E. People were flogged and village around Gujranwala in Punjab now in Pakistan were
bombed.
9. A. The famous slogan Inquilab Zindabad was given by Hasrat Mohani. This famous
slogan inspired the activities of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
particularly Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad.
B. It is a Hindustani phrase taken from Persian which translates to "Long Live
Revolution".
C. It was a common phrase used by revolutionaries during the British rule over India.
D. It was popularized in the activities of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
by revolutionaries such as Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad, who used it to
urge future generations to endorse, and support the party’s rebellious actions.
11. A. Mahatma Gandhi
B. Satyagraha and Non-Violence
C. It was a non-violence method of mass agitation against the oppressor. The method
suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, there is no
need for physical force to fight the oppressor.
D. Against injustice and apartheid system in South Africa,
E. Satyagraha is a soul force whereas arms force is a physical force. Physical force
depends upon ill-will while in the use of Satyagraha there is no ill-will.
12. A. Some of the Muslim political organizations in India were also lukewarm in their
response to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
B. After the decline of the Non- Cooperation–Khilafat movement, a large section of
Muslims felt alienated from the congress.
C. From the mid-1920s the congress came to be more visibly associated with openly
Hindu religious nationalist group like the Hindu Mahasabha.
D. As relation between Hindus and Muslims worsened, each community organized
religious processions with militant fervor, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal
clashes and riots in various cities.
E. Every riot deepened the distance between the two communities.
F. From the mid-1920's the Congress stared being more associated and supportive
towards Hindu religious groups like Hindu mahasabha.So, many Muslim leaders
stared to express their concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India.
G. Hindu Muslim clashes led to communal riots worsening the relation between the two
communities.The Muslims feared that the culture and identityof minorities would be
submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority.

Test on Indo China

CBSE TEST PAPER-01

Class – X Social Science (Nationalist Movement in Indo-China)

General Instruction: -

All Question are Compulsory.

Question No.1 to 4 Carry one marks each.

Question No. 5 to 10 carry three marks each.

Question No. 11 to 12 carry five marks each.

1. Name the areas which come under the control of French after Franco-Chinese war?

2. When was Francis Garnier commissioned by French to establish control over Vietnam?

3. Which is the most visible form of French control over Vietnam?

4. Name the war after which Tonkin and Anaam came under the French control?

5. What lessons Bernard learnt from the land reforms and Industrialization of Japan?

6. What was the approach of syllabus introduced by French to teach Vietnamese?

7. How would you describe the diversity of religion in Vietnam?

8. Explain the different efforts taken by France to increase the production of rice in

Vietnam.

9. How would you explain the formation of French Indo-China?

10. Who were indentured labourers? Elaborate the working condition of indentured

labourers?

11. Can you explain in detail, the reasons behind the defeat of French troops in the North

Eastern Valley of Dien Bien Phu?

12. What were the main reasons behind the US intervention in the Civil War of Vietnam?

Marking scheme

CBSE TEST PAPER-01 Class –X Social Science (Nationalist Movement in Indo-China) [ANSWERS]
1. Tonkin and Anaam came under French control after Franco-Chinese war

 2. In 1873 Francis Garnier was commissioned by French to establish control over Vietnam.

3. Military and Economic domination is the most visible form of French control over Vietnam.

4. After Franco-Chinese war the Tonkin and Anaam came under the French control.

 5. Paul Bernard, an influential writer and policy-maker, who strongly believed that colonies should be developed. He argued that that land reforms and industrialisation was neccesary for Japan:

 i. To reduce rural poverty and increase agricultural production of the Vietnam as the Japanese had done in the 1890’s.

 ii. This could not ensure sufficient employment. As the experience of Japan showed, industrialisation would be essential to create more jobs.

 6. The French approach of syllabus introduced to teach Vietnamese was: i. School textbooks glorified the French and Justified colonial rule. ii. In the syllabus the Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward, capable of manual Labour but not of intellectual reflection. ii. They could work in the fields but not rule themselves. They were skilled copyists but not creative.

 iii. School children were told that only French rule could ensure peace in Vietnam. The approach of the syllabus was to degrade the Vietnamese and glorify French

 7. Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices. Religious beliefs among the peasantry were shaped by a variety of Syncretic traditions that combined Buddhism and local beliefs. The elites in Vietnam were educated in Chinese and Confucianism. There were many popular religions in Vietnam that were spread by people who claimed to have seen vision of God.

8. The French undertook different efforts to increase the production of rice in Vietnam, like:

 i. The French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong Delta to increase cultivation. ii. Infrastructure projects were developed to help the transportation of goods.
iii. The system of irrigation works-canals and earth works was built mainly with forced labour. iv. The area under rice cultivation went up from 2, 74,000 hectares in 1773 to 1.1 million hectares in 1900 and 2.2 million in 1930.

9. One of the most visible forms of French control was military. French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858 by the mid 1880s, they had established a firm grip over the northern region. After the Franco-Chinese war, the French assumed control of Tonkin and Anaam and in 1887 the French Indo-China was formed. In the following decades the French sought to consolidate their position in Vietnam.

10. Indentured labourers worked on the basis of contracts that did not specify any rights of labourers but gave immense power to employers. It was the form of labour widely used in the plantations from the mid-nineteenth century. Their working conditions were very miserable as the employers could impose criminal charges against them for non-fulfilment of their contracts. On the basis of those charges they could be punished and jailed. The labourers worked on the basis of contracts that did not specify any rights of the labourers and gave immense power to employers.

 11. The French troops were defeated in the North Eastern Valley of Dien Bien Phu beacuse: 

i. At Dien Bien Phu the French were outwitted by the Vietminh forces led by General VO Nguyen Giap. The Commander of French forces Navarre, had not thought of all the problems he would face in the battle.

 ii. The valley where French garrisons were located was flooded in the monsoon and the area was covered with bushes, making it difficult to move troops and tanks, or trace the Vietminh anti-aircraft guns hidden in the jungle.

 iii. From their bases in the hills, the Vietminh surrounded the French garrisons in the valley below, digging trenches and tunnels to move without being detected.

 iv. Supplies and reinforcement could not reach the besieged French garrison. 

v. The wounded French soldiers could not move, and the French airstrip become unusable of continues artillery fire.

12. The main reasons behind the US intervention in the Civil War of Vietnam was: 

i. US felt bad with the defeat of its ally country France in 1954 at the fortress of Dien Bien Phu. 

ii. In Geneva Conference Vietnam was divided into two parts - North and South Vietnam. America was against the spread of Socialism. In North Vietnam Socialist
        government was going to be established under the leadership of Ho chi Minh.

 iii. In southern Vietnam National Liberation Front became very strong and they opposed the doctorial rule of Ngo Dinh Diem.

 iv. With the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, The NLF fought for the unification of country. 

v. America was apprehensive of an alliance between National Liberation Front and Ho chi Minh.