IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FROM GEOGRAPHY (PREVIOUS YEAR COMPILATION

GEOGRAPHY

RESOURCES

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1. What is sustainable development

• Development which takes place without damaging the environment and compromising with need for future is called sustainable development

2. Define a resource?

• Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs
• it is technologically accessible,
• economically feasible and
• culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’.

3. There is enough for everybody's need ,but not enough for anyone's greed? Who said these words?

• Mahatma Gandhi

4. Give an example of non-renewable resources.

• Coal

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5. What are the three stages of resources planning in India?Why is it essential to have resource planning?

• identification and inventory of resources across all regions
• evolving a planning strategy with appropriate technology.
• match the resource development plans with national development plans.

6. How did Gandhi ji voice his concern about resource conservation? Explain.

• There is enough for everyone's need but not enough for anyone's agreed
• Sustainable development is the need of the hour
• Resource planning should be adopted

7. Classify resources on the basis of ownership by giving examples.

• Individual: Resources owned by individuals are called Individual Resources eg house
• Community: Resources owned by community or society eg graveyard
• National Resources: Resources owned by Individual Nations  eg roads,canal
• International Resources: Resources regulate by International bodies are called International Resources. eg distinguish picOcean and sea beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone and is called open sea or ocean

8. Define Alluvial soil.Distinguish between khadar and bangar?

• It is formed by deposition of materials brought by Himalayan rivers.
• it is highly fertile
• it consists of sand,silt and clay
• it is rich in potash,phosphoric acid and lime,but deficient in organic matter.
• It supports variety of crops like paddy and sugarcane.

BHANGAR :- 1. it is a highland made up of old alluvium. 2. it is not suitable for cultivation. 3. it is less fertile because of the deposition of alluvium. 4. in punjab it is known as dhaya.

KHADAR 1. it is a lowland made up of old alluvium. 2. Intensive agriculture practised here. 3. it is more fertile as it is renewed every year. 4.in punjab it is known as bet.

9. Name a solid type which is  widely prevalent in western rajasthan?Explain any two features of this party which make it unsuitable for cultivation.

• Arid soil/desert soil
• → Lacks humus and moisture because dry climate, high temperature make evaporation faster.
• → Salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.

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10. Classify resources on the basis of exhaustibility. Mention four features of each.

• Renewable Resources: Resources that can be replenished after a short period of time are called Renewable Resources. For example – agricultural crops, water, forest, wildlife, etc.
• Non-renewable Resources: Resources which takes million years of time to replenish are called non-renewable resources. For example – fossil fuel.
• renewable resources 1) the resources that can be renewed by reproduction are called renewable resources.  2) Renewable resources are inexhaustible.  3) Renewable resources are not affected by the human activities.  4) All biotic resources are renewable.  5) For example: air and water.  non-renewable resources 1)the resources that are present in xed quantities are called non-renewable resources.  2) Non-renewable resources are inexhaustible.  3) Non renewable resources are affected by human activities.  4) Some abiotic resources are non-renewable.  5) For example- fossil fuels and minerals

11. Explain the importance of sustainable development by giving the example of groundwater.

• Sustainable development is the development of a country or world not only at present, but the development which is to be continued and maintained for future generations.
• For example, groundwater is a natural resource which is replenished by nature. People of a particular generation must use water in such a way that people of future generation may also be able to use groundwater. People should not overuse and degrade the quality of water so that water is exhausted or if it remains, it is contaminated to such an extent that it becomes unusable for people of future generation.

12. What is land degradation? How are mining and overgrazing activities responsible for land degradation in different states of India? Explain.

• Land degradation is reduction in the quality of land due to various human factors such as mining and overgrazing
• Mining : Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars in states such as Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha. Deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation.
• Overgrazing : Overgrazing in states such as Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra is a huge cause due to cattle population.

13. Explain 2 types of erosion mostly observed in India?Explain 3 human activities responsible for it.

• The removal of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion.
• Two human factors leading to soil erosion are :
• Deforestation :- Due to heavy deforestation, soil erosion is increasing.
• Overgrazing :- In many regions people still practise grazing of cattle, goats and sheap. Gradually this leads to soil erosion.
• Construction and mining

AGRICULTURE

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1. How can small and marginal farmers be supported by the govt?

• by giving them loan and lesser rates of interest
• Providing them knowledge about seeds.

2. Which is the leading coffee producer state in India?

• Karnataka

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1. What is the important of pulses in our country?Why are pulses known as a rotation crop.

• India is one of the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world.
• Pulses are rich in proteins and found to be main source of protein to vegetative people of India. It is second important constituent of Indian diet after cereals.
• Therefor pulses, are important for Indian economy
• They require less manuring. They are helpful for checking soil erosion as they have more leafy growth and close spacing. Majority of pulses are short duartion so that second crop may be taken on same land in a year. That is why they are mostly grown in rotation with other plants

2. Explain any three steps for agriculture reforms taken by the Governments of India,after the independence.

• Collectivisation and consolidation of land holdings
• Abolition of zamindari system
• Introduction of institutional reforms
• Kisan credit cards introduced
• Personal accident insurance scheme introduced
• Weather forecast and bulletins for farmers

3. Describe four geographical conditions required for the growth of wheat. Mention the two major wheat producing zones of India.

• Temperature: Wheat requires 14° to 18°C temperature. ...
• Rainfall: 50 cm to 100 cm rainfall is required for wheat cultivation. ...
• Soil: Fertile alluvial soil or mixed soil is ideal for wheat cultivation.
• Land: Plain land or gentle slope is ideal for wheat cultivation
• The Ganga-Satluj plains and black soil region of the Deccan are the  two major wheat producing zones of india

4. “Agriculture gives boost to the industrial sector”. Support the statement with arguments.

• .Raw material- Agriculture provides basic raw material to the industrial sector for example, cotton to a cloth industry, sugarcane to a sugar industry, etc.
• .Market- Agriculture sector provides market to the industrial sector.
• .Labour- Agriculture sector provides labour to the industrial sector.
• .Wage goods- In simple words, agriculture sector feeds the industrial labourers, which keeps them healthy, thereby, more productive.
• .Mutual Dependence- Both the agriculture sector and the industrial sector are mutually dependent on each other.

5. Suggest any 3 steps to create employment in the agricultural sector.

• providing them credit
• Providing technology
• Saving them from money lenders

1. What are the features of primitive subsistence agriculture?

• Practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools.
• traditional tools are used
• Totally dependent on monsoon
• when soil fertility decreases ,farmer shifts to other patch of land

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1. Explain any 5 steps taken by govt to ensure increase in agricultural production.

• develop various means of irrigation, so that more land could be brought under agriculture.
• availability of chemical fertilisers at subsidised rates
• fix a minimum purchase price for various crops every year.
• To provide adequate and timely loans to farmers, on easy terms, to buy farm machinery and other agricultural items.
• To educate and help farmers through specially developed programmes on radio and television.

2. Distinguish between Kharif and Rabi crops. Explain any three features of cotton

cultivation in India.

Kharif crops:

• These are the crops grown in rainy season extending from june to october hence are also called as monsoon crops. These crops are totally rain dependent crops. Kharif crops include paddy,soybean, sugarcane.

Rabi crops:

• These are the crops grown in winter season extending from october to march. These are winter crops depending on irrigation sources. Rabi crops include wheat, gram, mustard etc.

WATER RESOURCES

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1. On which river is the Salal Project located?

• chenab

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1. Define water scarcity? Explain any two causes of water scarcity in India.

• Water scarcity is the lack of sucient available water resources to meet the demands of water usage within a region
• Population expansion
• Urbanisation
• Pollution
• Climate change

2. Describe the procedure for roof water top harvesting.

• It is a system of catching rainwater where it falls.
• In rooftop harvesting, the roof becomes the catchments, and the rainwater is collected from the roof of the house/building.
• It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge system. This method is less expensive and very effective and if implemented properly helps in augmenting the ground water level of the are

3. What did jawahar lal nehru said about dams and why?

• He proclaimed dams as the temples of modern India.
• The reason is that it would integrate agricultural development with rapid industrialisation and growth of urban economy.

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1. In recent years multi purpose projects have come under great scrutiny.Give 5 reasons.

• Displacement of people
• Deforestation ,thus land degradation
• Earthquakes are also possible
• Fauna and flora gets disturbed
• Fish are not able to breed due to stagnant water
• Siltation,hence floods can come easily

MINERAL

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1. Which is the finest quality of iron ore?

• Magnetite

2. How do minerals occur in sedimentary rocks?

• Minerals occur in sedimentary rocks in the form of beds or layers.
• These rocks are formed by deposition, accumulation and concentration in a horizontal strata and minerals in these rocks are formed by the process of precipitation or through chemical, physical and biological changes in sediments.
• While coal and iron ore are formed due to heat and pressure, gypsum, potash and salts are formed due to evaporation.

3. How did the Bailadila Iron ore field get its name?

• Bailadila hills gets its name from the typical shape it has. The hills look like the hump of an ox and so accordingly it has been named, Bailadila.

1. How is iron-ore transported from Kudremukh mines to a port near Mangaluru?

• Iron-ore is transported from Kudremukh mines to a port near Mangaluru as slurry through a pipeline.

2. Why are there a wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density found in minerals?

• they are formed by a combination of various elements whose formation depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which they occur.

3. Which mine is the best producer of copper in India?

• Khetri in rajasthan

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1. Explain any 3 steps to be taken to conserve energy resources?/ In the present day energy crisis what steps will you like to take for saving energy.
2. Why do you think solar energy has a bright future in India?

• Sufficient sunlight to sustain production of solar energy as the number of sunny days across a large geographical portion of country is around 300.
• Projected production of solar power is around 20 GW by 2020.
• It requires less investment in infrastructure compared to other forms of energy.
• Thus, it is cheaper to produce. It can be utilised for rural electrification and irrigation through solar powered water pumping systems. It is a non-polluting source of energy

3. Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India? Mention its different forms?

• Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India
• (i) Peat
• (ii) Lignite
• (iii)Bituminous
• (iv)Anthracite

4. How is the mining activity injurious to the health of the miners and environment?Explain.

• It is dangerous for the health of miners who often have to work in unsafe conditions in underground mines.
• Frequent accidents occur in mines due to collapse of roofs and water ooding. These end up causing many casualties.
• Miners are exposed to toxic materials causing disease of lung and reduced life expectancy. E.g. black lung caused by inhaling coal dust.
• It has a negative effect on environment as volumes of hazardous garbage are produced during extraction of minerals from mines causing environmental degradation and water pollution. Mining activities are a major cause of deforestation.
• A huge volume of earth is also excavated and displaced causing silting

5. How can solar energy solve the energy problem to some extent in India ? Give your opinion.

• Solar energy is a renewable resource.It can restrict the use of firewood and animal dung cakes in rural areas which will help in conservation of fossil fuels used for generating electricity.
• In return solar power can be utilised for electricity generation which is a natural resource and can be used on unlimited basis to facilitate the need of power in India .
• In this way power crisis can be minimised.

6. Foreign trade integrates the markets in different countries.’’ Support the statement with arguments.

• Since historic times foreign trade been the main channel connecting countries, e.g. silk route connects India and South Asia to markets both in the East and West.
• Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic market. They can sell their produce not only in domestic market but can also compete in market of other countries.
• For the buyers,it provides variety if options
• Foreign trade thus, results in connecting the markets in different countries.

7. Differentiate between metallic and non metallic minerals.

Metallic minerals	Non metallic minerals
Metallic minerals contain metal in raw form	Non metallic do not contain metals.
These metals are generally associated with igenous rocks	These metals are generally associated with sedimentary rocks
They are ususally hard and have shine of their own.	hey are not usually hard and have no shine of their own.
Examples: iron, copper. bauxite and tin	Examples: salt, coal, mica and clay

8. Discuss natural gas as a source of energy

• Clean energy resource found both with and without petroleum.
• Source of energy for industrial and domestic use
• Environment friendly,emits low CO2
• Krishna Goadavari basin,Mumbai high,gulf of cambay are surces

1. Which state is the largest producer of manganese?Give 4 of its uses.

• Odisha is the largest producer of manganese in India.
• Uses of manganese are as follows
• Used in the manufacturing ferro-manganese alloy.
• Used in the manufacturing of bleaching powder!
• Used in insecticides and paint industries.
• Used in manufacturing of steel.

2. Why is there use of non conventional sources of energy is becoming necessary in our country?/

                Why is there a pressing need for using renewable energy resources in India?Explain any 5 reasons.

• The conventional sources are at the extent of getting exhausted
• There is a need for alternative sources i.e. renewable sources of energy to sustain development.
• The economic development plans implemented by government require steady and increasing amount of energy to remain operational.
• The consumption of energy in all forms is steadily rising and is growing at faster rate than the formation of the resources such as coal, petroleum etc
• The environment is getting harmed a lot due to the smoke and pollution produced by the non-renewable resources.
• The renewable sources are needed to compensate the needs and preserve the environment as they are 'Eco-friendly' in nature and are inexhaustible.  Some examples of them are solar,wind etc. This much is enough for the question . Please

1. How is energy an indispensable requirement of our modern life? Explain with three examples.

• It is needed to cook.
• To provide light and heat.
• To propel vehicles.
• To run machinery in industries.

2. "Minerals are indispensible part of our lives." Support the statement with examples.

• Transportation : Car, bus, train, airplane etc are made up of iron, steel and many other minerals.
• Fuel : Minerals like coal and petroleum are the main sources of fuel
• .Building roads and buildings; Minerals like limestone, gypsum etc are used for

manufacturing cement which is used in the construction of buildings.

• Communication : The optical fibers used in the cable wires are made from silica.

• Food : A lot of minerals like iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium etc are found in the food  we eat.

MANFACTURING INDUSTRIES

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1. Why are major steel plants located around Chota Nagpur plateau region?

• Nearness to port facilities

2. Name an industry belonging to joint sector?

• OIL(OIl INDIA LIMITED)

3. Which  country is giving stiff competition to India with regard to jute industry?

• Bangladesh

4. What are agglomeration economies?

• Agglomeration economies are the benefits that come when firms and people locate near one another together in cities and industrial clusters.

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5. How does textile industry occupy a unique position in Indian economy? Explain giving any three points.

• It contributes significantly to industrial production
• Second largest after agriculture in employment generation (35million persons)
• Contributes to foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6%)
• Contributes  towards GDP
• Only industry which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain.

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1. "The sugar mills are shifting towards southern and western states of India." Support the statement giving three reasons.

• Sucrose content in sugarcane is higher than the northern states.
• The cooler climate ensures a longer crushing season.
• The cooperative sector is more successful in these states.

2. Why has the ‘Chhotanagpur Plateau Region’ the maximum concentration of iron and  steel industries? Analyse the reasons.

• Low cost of iron ore Iron mines are located in the nearby areas
• High grade raw materials in proximity
• Availability of cheap labour
• Dense transport network
• Port facilities Kolkata

3. Classify industries on the basis of their main role. How are they different from each other?

• Industries can be classfied into (a) basic and (b) consumer industries on the basis of their roles.
• Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminum smelting.
• Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste,paper, sewing machines, fans etc

4. "India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world. Yet we are not able to perform to our full potential." Suggest and explain any three measures to get full potential.

• Low productivity of labours
• Shortage of coking coal
• Poor infrastructure
• Infrequent energy resources

5. What are Software technology parks?State any two points of significance of Information technology Industry in India?

• Software technology parks are a cluster of software export units, in which software technology companies develop and export computer software and other professional services.
• In India, software technology parks are managed by the Software Technology Parks of India, a government agency.
• Two points of significance of IT industry are
• (i) Creation of a large number of jobs with more than 30% for women.
• (ii) Large contribution to the exports of India, bringing in valuable foreign exchange.

6. How can Industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Give 3 reasons

• Restructuring the manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants, through a process called pollution prevention
• By creating cooling ponds which are man made and designed to cool the heated waters of industries by evaporation, condensation and radiation
• Filtration of the sewage in water treatment plant attached to the industry.

7. Why have most of the iron and steel plants been set up in public sector?

• Huge investment is required which may not be possible for pvt sector.
• Huge infrastructural facilities are available in public sector
• Fast technical development ,continuous research is required.
• It starts production and profit in long run,so may not be suitable for pvt sector

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1. What is NTPC? And what steps have been taken by NTPC towards environmental protection?

• 1.Optimum and proper utilisation of equipment by adopting latest gadgets and techniques. It also upgrades its old machinery.
• 2. Minimising waste production by maximum waste utilisation.It also reduces environmental pollution by liquid waste management., ash water recycling and ash pond management
• 3. Ecological monitoring, Online database for its all power stations.
• 4. It also provides green belt in arid regions and checks the working of mobile vehicles for afforestation

2. What is the manufacturing sector? Why is it considered the backbone of development?Interpret the reason.

• Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture. For example, industries providing fertilisers machinery have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
• Industrial development is required for eradication of unemployment and poverty. An example is the establishment of industries in tribal and backward areas, which bring down regional disparities.
• Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. For example, USA.

3. Explain any 5 measures to control industrial pollution in India?

• :1.Industrial plants should be set up in distant areas away from human settlements.
• 2.Industries need to take up preventive measures to check pollution.
• 3.Industries should encourage sustainability and recycling of their products.
• 4.More efforts should be taken to establish local industries which implement reasonable and low cost ways to reduce pollution production at their plants.
• 5.It is necessary to encourage industries to promote "green"methods of production and products.It includes environment-friendly operating processes

Lifelines of Economy

1 marks

1. What does the first class mail include?

• Envelops and cards

1. Which  port has been developed to decongest Kolkata port?

• Haldia

2. Name the biggest port with spacious and well sheltered harbor.

• Mumbai port

3. Name a premier iron ore exporting sea port of the country.

• Marmagao

4. Which river has been declared as the National waterway no 1?

• River ganga

1. What  do you mean by the density of roads?

• Density of roads is length of roads per 100 square km of area.
• The two main determinants of road density in India: (i) Nature of terrain. (ii) The level of economic development.

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2. Why are different means of transport prerequisites for development of a country?

• Raw materials reaches the factory and finished products reaches to the consumer.
• The pace of development of a country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their movement .
• Therefore, efficient means of transport are prerequisites for fast development

3. Why is the distribution of roads not uniform in India?Explain with examples

• .Due to different types of geographical features
• The volume of traffic as well as passengers also affect road networking in India
• . Roads become narrow and congested with broken culverts and bridges.
• Some roads are metalled that is well built with brick and cement whereas some are unmetalled specially in rural areas which becomes inaccessible during rainy seasons.
• The regions with rugged terrain have steep roads with lots of hair pin bend

4. Explain the importance of railways as the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India.

• the railways as the largest public undertaking is more important in our national economy than all other means of transport put together.
• railways make it possible to conduct multifarious activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances.

5. Write any 3 characteristics of Kandla sea port.

• First port developed in kuchchh after independence.
• To ease the volume of trade on Mumbai port after loss of Karachi port to Pakistan
• Tidal port
• Handles export and import

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1. Describe various types of roads in India?

• Roads in India are classified into the following categories: 1. Expressways: They form a very small percentage and are six-lane high speed tolled roads connecting important places.
• 2. National Highways: These roads connect state capitals, ports, important cities and connect the length and breadth of the country.
• 3. State Highways: These roads connect the state capitals to other places within the state.4. Rural and Urban Roads: These roads connect districts and talukas to larger centres.
• Border roads under BRO(Border roads Organisation)
• Other roads.

2. Advancement of International trade of a country is an index to its prosperity.Support the statement with examples.

• as the resources are limited no country can survive without International trade.
• goods or resources possessed by one country are required by other and vice-versa.
• International trade contributes to India’s economic growth, raising income level of people.
• exchange of information and knowledge.
• earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology.

3. Explain the importance of air transport in India giving four points.

• Air transport provides the fastest, most comfortable mode of transport.
• Best for remote, inaccessible and hostile areas.
• Facilitates fast transportation of perishable goods and stimulates their trade.
• It helps in developing country's economy through tourism.
• Plays a vital role during natural and marinade calamities.

1. Analyse the physiographic and economic factors that have influenced the distribution pattern of the railway network in our country.

• Topographic factors
• Climatic conditions:
• Availability of water and resources
• Transportation and other facilities
• Industrialization

2. Describe any 5 problems faced by road transport in India?

• Road network is inadequate in India.
• About half of the roads are unmetalled and this limits their usage during the rainy season.
• The roadways are highly congested in cities.
• Most of the bridges are old and narrow.
• Disrespect to the traffic rules is the major problem. Citizen have casual attitude towards traffic rules, which leads to accidents causing traffic jams

3. Discuss the importance of pipeline?

• Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas elds to reneries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plant
• Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
• The far inland locations of refineries like Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas based fertilizer plants could be set up only because of pipelines.
• Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal.